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JLLT edited by Thomas Tinnefeld
Showing posts with label 94 Tables of Contents. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 94 Tables of Contents. Show all posts
Volume 3 (2012) Issue 1 (PDF)



Table of Contents






I. Articles

Matthias Schoormann (Münster, Germany) / Torsten Schlak (†) (Berlin, Germany):
Mündliche Korrekturstrategien im Zweit- und Fremdsprachenunterricht:recasts und prompts im Vergleich

Abstract (English)

Although most of the second language acquisition research on the effectiveness of oral corrective feedback comes from only one theoretical-methodological approach, i.e. the cognitive-interactionist approach, there is disagreement about which type of corrective feedback works best. Some researchers favour input providing strategies like recasts, others promote output eliciting strategies like clarification requests or metalinguistic feedback. Numerous studies which compare the different feedback strategies have produced only mixed results. There is now a growing consensus that corrective feedback is a highly complex phenomenon whose impact on the learner's language system is influenced by a multitude of learner internal and external factors. Because of this complexity it is impossible to find one feedback strategy that fits all situations. This paper aims to give an overview of the diverging theoretical positions and some of the empirical studies that they inform about. It discusses how situational and contextual factors could affect the effectiveness of different feedback strategies. Finally, the authors conclude by formulating some tentative ‘thumb rules’ that could help teachers to tailor their corrective feedback to the specific conditions of their classroom as well as the individual needs of their learners.

Abstract (Deutsch)

Obwohl der größte Teil der Forschung zur Effektivität mündlicher Fehlerkorrekturen im Zweit- und Fremdsprachenunterricht auf einen einzigen theoretisch-methodologischen Ansatz, und zwar den kognitiv-interaktionistischen Ansatz, zurückgeht, herrscht Uneinigkeit darüber, welcher Typ korrektiven Feedbacks der wirksamste sei. Während manche Forscher Input-liefernde Feedbackstrategien wie recasts bevorzugen, ziehen andere Output-elizitierende Strategien wie Klärungsaufforderungen oder metalinguistisches Feedback vor. Zahlreiche Studien, in denen verschiedene Feedbackstrategien miteinander verglichen werden, haben keine eindeutigen Ergebnisse zutage gefördert. Allmählich setzt sich die Einsicht durch, dass es sich bei korrektivem Feedback um ein höchst komplexes Phänomen handelt, dessen Wirkung auf das lernersprachliche System von einer Vielzahl lernerexterner und -interner Faktoren abhängig ist. Aufgrund dieser Komplexität ist es unmöglich, eine einzige Feedbackstrategie zu finden, die sich immer und überall effektiv einsetzen lässt. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird ein Überblick über die verschiedenen theoretischen Positionen und einige der empirischen Studien gegeben, auf die sie sich beziehen. Er untersucht, inwiefern situationale und kontextuelle Faktoren die Effektivität der verschiedenen Feedbackstrategien beeinflussen können. Abschließend werden einige Leitlinien formuliert, die den Lehrenden dabei helfen könnten, ihr korrektives Feedback auf die spezifischen Verhältnisse ihres Unterrichts sowie die individuellen Bedürfnisse ihrer Lernenden abzustimmen.


Abstract
Interaction is an important theme in current discussions of second language acquisition, second language pedagogy, and classroom second language learning. It is widely acknowledged in SLAthat interaction is an essential factor for acquisition; equally, interaction is a cornerstone of second language pedagogy focused on developing learners’ communicative competence. Recent advancements have been made in SLA research as well as second language pedagogy in the area of interaction, with sociocultural theory based on several key constructs of Vygotsky’s providing new perspectives on the processes that are ignited when learners are steeped in interactive learning. This study reports on classroom investigations into these interactive processes that provide evidence for language learning. Of specific interest is the phenomenon of imitation, as defined in terms drawn from sociocultural theory, and the pedagogic practices which provide the stage for imitation to occur, and thus support second language development.


Abstract (Deutsch)
Derzeit existiert noch kein Evaluationssystem für fremdsprachliche Konversationen. Dafür gibt es die folgenden Gründe: (1) Noch existieren keine einheitlichen Bewertungskriterien, wie fremdsprachliche Konversationen bewertet werden sollen. (2) Selbst wenn Bewertungskriterien vorhanden wären, wäre die Frage zu klären, wie ein System dazu befähigt werden kann, eine fremdsprachliche Konversation zu bewerten? Zur Zeit bewerten Evaluationssysteme fremdsprachliche Konversatioen zumeist auf der sprachlichen Ebene (z. B. Aussprache und Grammatik), selten jedoch auf der inhaltlichen Ebene. Den jetzigen inhaltlichen Bewertungskriterien können nur Menschen folgen, nicht jedoch ein System. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird ein Modell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe das Konversationssystem in die Lage versetzt, wird, fremdsprachliche Konversationen inhaltlich zu bewerten: Kommunikation erfolgt zweckgebunden. Dementsprechend bewerten wir die fremdsprachlichen Konversationen im Hinblick auf ihe Zweckgebundenheit und danach, welche Kommunikationsschritte fehlen. Außerdem liefert das System dem Lerner die von ihm benötigten Sätze zur Erzielung zweckorientierter Kommunikation. Somit lässt das System die Lerner erkennen, wie man, dem Handlungsmuster folgend, den Kommunikationszweck erzielt.


Abstract (English)
In the present article, an Internet video of the French-German TV station ARTE on African immigrants living in France is examined as to how these immigrants are presented in the French original and in the German voice-over version. It is shown that the German voice-over version cosiderably differs from the French original, which results in a comparatively unfavourable presentation of the immigrants in question. 

Abstract (Deutsch)
In diesem Artikel wird ein Internet-Beitrag des Senders ARTE zu in Paris lebenden afrikanischen Migranten dahingehend untersucht, wie die Migranten im französischen Original und in der deutschen Voice-Over-Version dargestellt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass Letztere erheblich vom Original abweicht und damit zu einer vergleichsweise unvorteilhaften Präsentation der Migranten führt.


Abstract       
The focus of this article is the semantic opposition (concrete) vs. (abstract). The place of this opposition in the verb classification and the way it manifests itself on grammar level in English, Spanish, German and Russian are shown. This semantic opposition is claimed to be one of the most important in verb classification. To substantiate this claim, relevant examples from modern grammars of English, Spanish, German and Russian are given. A new way of teaching Russian grammar on the basis of this opposition is suggested: German and Russian verbs should be grouped according to the semantic feature (abstract) or (concrete). This new grouping will have a positive influence ot the teaching and learning of Russian.


II. University Report


Abstract (English)
This paper describes CLIL lectures at a German university of applied sciences where international contract law was lectured in French in two different international study programmes. So Context and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) was applied outside of the usual school context. Furthermore, French - and not English - was chosen as the foreign language. The local context of this programme will be presented, including the foreign language policy and linguistic landscape of Saarland. Furthermore, the project will be discussed against the backdrop of some general criteria of CLIL teaching. Evaluations among students indicate that the learners wish for more CLIL projects. For this reason, we suggest that more non-English foreign language lectures be offered at university level, in particular in international study programmes.  

Abstract (Français)
Le présent article décrit la réalisation d’un projet EMILE / CLIL (Enseignement d’une Matière Intégrée à une Langue Etrangère / Context and Language Integrated Learning) dans le cadre des cours de droit international dans deux filières internationales à une université de sciences appliquées en Allemagne. Par conséquent, l’enseignement d’une matière intégrée (généralement cité par le sigle anglais CLIL) avait lieu en dehors de l’enseignement scolaire. En outre, la langue étrangère choisie était le français et non pas l’anglais. Le context local en Sarre, à savoir son paysage et son projet linguistique, sera présenté. Des sondages ont démontré que les étudiants désirent d’avoir plus de projets EMILE. Il s’ensuit qu’il serait souhaitable de proposer plus de cours enseignés dans une langue étrangère autre que l’anglais, surtout dans les filières internationales.

Abstract (Deutsch)
Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt ein CLIL-Projekt (Context and Language Integrated Learning) im deutschen Hochschulkontext, bei dem in zwei internationalen Studiengängen juristische Fachvorlesungen in einer Fremdsprache angeboten wurden. Das integrierte Fremdsprachen- und Sachfachlernen wurde hier außerhalb des üblichen schulischen Kontexts durchgeführt. Weiterhin ist hervorzuheben, dass das Französische  - und nicht das Englische  - als Fremdsprache gewählt wurde. Der locale Kontext, wie z.B. die Sprachlandschaft und das Sprachenkonzept des Saarlandes, werden vorgestellt. Weiterhin wird das Projekt vor dem Hintergrund einiger Kriterien für die erfolgreiche Einführung von CLIL diskutiert. Studierendenbefragungen zeigten, dass die Studierenden eine Ausweitung von CLIL wünschen. Aus diesen Ergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass vor allem in international ausgerichteten Studiengängen mehr nicht-englischsprachige Vorlesungen angeboten werden sollten. 


III. Reviews





Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching
Volume 3 (2012) Issue 1
pp. 7-8


Editorial

In the present issue of the Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, we are happy to publish the first article from Australia (see Foreword to the Issue). After article publications from Europe, (North) America, Asia and Africa, the fifth continent is now represented in JLLT. This completes the continental range of the journal and represents an important milestone in its development.

In terms of the journal’s reception, we are proud to state that JLLT is read in large parts of Europe, (North) America and large parts of Asia, inclusive of South-East Asia. Australia and Africa are, however, still comparatively underrepresented as far as the reception of JLLT is concerned despite the fact that the journal is also read in these continents. These facts indicate that JLLT is well received in those parts of the world in which the majority of linguistic and methodological research is done.

These facts also reveal that there exists a close link between those continents in which the journal is read and those from which articles have been submitted. What is even more interesting is the fact that in terms of its reception, JLLT covers large parts of the world. This rapid upward development was out of the realm of expectation when the journal entered the academic world early in 2010.

Nevertheless, in order to strengthen the representations of the continents so far underrepresented, I would hereby like to invite authors from Australia, Africa and South-America to submit more articles to JLLT in the future. In this way, the journal would be able to mirror the research activities going on in the world in the fields of linguistics and language teaching even better than has been the case up to the present day. Closely linked to this point is the distribution of languages in the journal.

In the first five issues of JLLT, there have only been two languages of publication: English and German. Taking into account that the official languages of JLLT comprise three more - French, Spanish, and Italian -, I would like to cordially invite authors whose mother tongue one of these languages is to submit their articles in French, Spanish or Italian. As is generally agreed, English is the number one language in science (and not only in science). Yet, other languages should receive due attention. Thus, having more publications in these three languages will represent an enrichment to JLLT and increase the reading pleasure for multilingual addressees. 

Apart from this positive development, I feel obliged to inform our readers of a very tragic and unexpected incident which I have learnt about just now: Professor Torsten Schlak, whose article written together with Dr. Mathias Schoormann is presented in this very issue, passed away on April 11, 2012. Although I did not know Professor Schlak personally and had been in touch with Dr. Schoormann for the publication of their present article in January 2012, this sad piece of news came to me as a great shock and mournful surprise. I first came into contact with Professor Schlak in 2004 in the context of his article published in the German methodological journal Fremdsprachen und Hochschule (Foreign Languages and Universities), which I co-edited back then. Despite the fact that Professor Schlak and I had never met in person, a cordial e-mail relationship commenced and developed between us and was later on transferred to JLLT. I was therefore very happy to have him as one of the authors of this journal. I had hoped that one day, we would meet personally so as to talk about some of his ideas which could - and can - be so fruitful for the teaching of languages. In his short but prolific career, Professor Schlak has succeeded in giving new impulses to his field - the teaching of German as a Foreign Language - and would certainly have had a great impact on it, had he only had the chance of working and publishing for a longer period of time. His impressive publication list, which comprises a variety of fields and a considerable number of questions tackled, reflects the richness of his thinking and the potential of his research. For these - but not only for these - reasons, he will, scientifically, academically and personally, never be forgotten.

Referring your attention to Professor Schlak's article in particular, I wish all our readers an informative reading of the present issue and look forward to the manuscripts which will be submitted to JLLT in the near future.

Thomas Tinnefeld
JLLT
Editor




Volume 2 (2011) Issue 2 (PDF) 



Table of Contents






Articles

Kay Cheng Soh (Singapore):



Abstract
Bilingual ability of students has traditionally been tested by using separate monolingual tests. Such tests more often than not differ in both substantive and linguistic content and task format, thus testing something different from one another. This mode of assessing bilingual ability introduces more error variance due to the extraneous factors and thus under-estimates the students’ ability to function with two languages. Bilingual tests can be constructed simply by bringing two languages into one testing task using one language for the questions and the other for the answers (options in the case of multiple-choice items). The results of testing a group of Grade 3-5 students in Singapore support this contention. Implications for curriculum and instruction for developing bilingual ability are discussed.

Lance R. Askildson (Notre Dame (IN) USA):

Abstract
The role of phonology in L2 reading was investigated via the Reading While Listening (RWL) technique for L2 reading instruction.  The present study tested the reading gain of 43 L2 readers of French before and after a RWL treatment was administered and compared this gain with the performance of a control silent reading group consisting of an additional 34 L2 readers of French.  The results support a significant gain for the RWL treatment group with a corresponding insignificant gain for the control group.  Additionally, the difference in gain between the experimental and control groups was statistically significant.  Pedagogical implications are discussed alongside recommendations for future research.

Bernd Spillner (Duisburg-Essen, Germany):
Translation or Adaptation: Pragmatic Equivalences in Intercultural Marketing Texts
Abstract
In the present article, exceptionally published in Farsi and English, the most important types of pragmatic equivalence are described and applied to a selection of texts linked to the field of intercultural marketing. The empirical analysis carried out in the present study which focusses on the text type offer published in catalogues of mail delivery houses and holiday catalogues reveals that texts are differently rendered in different languages and on different cultural backgrounds, with those expectations actualised which are prevalent in the culture(s) in question. The findings presented entail a potential of improving future translators’ intercultural awareness and doubtlessly are fruitful for the teaching of foreign languages in general.

Shing-Lung Chen 陳欣蓉 (Kaohsiung, Taiwan):

Abstract (English)
Existent learning systems for essay writing have mainly been developed by engineers. These systems usually offer learners a platform to write their essays on the computer. However, to date, there is a lack of genuine helping systems, specifically developed for learners, to assist them in producing essays. Corpora which are available on the Internet and which are frequently used as reference, mostly compile specialized texts written by native speakers. Therefore, the expressions used in those texts go well beyond the learners’ language level and thus do not meet their needs. This paper describes a newly developed automatic learning system for essay writing which provides learners with theme-orientated model essays, with expressions appropriate for them and with commonly made mistakes so that these can be avoided from the start.


Hans W. Giessen (Saarbrücken, Germany):

Abstract (English)
In the present studythree different ways of vocabulary learning were presented to students. The first group of students was given a vocabulary list on a paper sheet. The second group learned from the very same list presented on a computer screen, while the third group learned the same lexical items from a computer screen which included morphing effects. In the third group, learning achievements were the worst. Achievements were found to be the best in the first group in which the learning material was presented on a paper sheet. These effects may result from the degree of activation of the amygdala.


University Reports

Beate Lindemann (Tromsø, Norway):

Abstract
The number of students studying German as a foreign language (GFL) at Norwegian universities and colleges is decreasing. The following article investigates the recent situation in the Norwegian field of GFL by analysing the programmes and courses offered at the different institutions. Almost every seminar course seems to be (unofficially) intended for teacher-training students. Courses for other types of students appear to be missing. However, there are four programmes especially meant for other learners. These have been analysed to mainly consist of the same courses. Only few students take those courses anyway. The results elaborated raise the question whether there is a demand for competence in German language and culture in Norway, at all. Still, the Norwegian industry and commerce claim a huge demand for employees with this kind of competence. The article concludes that there is a need for deeper changes of the programmes and courses offered.

Thomas Tinnefeld (Saarbrücken, Germany):

Abstract
The article reports on the First Saarbrücken Conference on Foreign Language Teaching  which featured the theme “University Language Teaching – Trends, Requirements Characteristics” and took place on November 4th and 5th, 2011, at Saarland University of Applied Sciences (Rotenbühl Campus), Germany. The article represents a complete report of the conference, which was attended by around 130 participants from 20 countries and in the framework of which two keynote speeches and 52 talks were given. The thematic scope of the conference included linguistics, methodology, languages for specific purposes, intercultural learning and e-learning. The conference, which was evaluated as successful, is the first one of a new series of conferences and will be continued in 2013.


Book Review

Zahir Mumin (Albany (NY), USA):
Volume 2 (2011) Issue 1    ( PDF


Table of Contents









I. Articles


Rebeca Bataller (Gettysburg (PA), USA) / Rachel Shively (Normal, (IL), USA):

Role Plays and Naturalistic Data in Pragmatics Research: Service Encounters during Study Abroa (15-51)


Abstract (English)
The purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of role-play data in pragmatics research through a comparison of role-play and naturalistic interactions by L2 learners of Spanish in the service-encounter context. The data for this comparison come from two independent studies (Bataller 2010; Shively 2011), each of which analyzed the pragmatic development in service encounters of L2 learners studying abroad in Spain for one semester. While both studies shared the same pragmatic aspect which was investigated, they differed on the primary method of data collection employed: Bataller (2010)  employed an open role play, while Shively (2011) collected naturalistic data. The results of this comparative study indicate that the role-play data resembled the naturalistic data in many respects, but that there were also differences which may have been due to the method of data collection employed.

Resumen (Español)
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la validez del role-play como método de recolección de datos de elementos pragmáticos de la lengua. En el estudio se comparan interacciones naturales con interacciones simuladas realizadas a través de un role-play por dos grupos de estudiantes de español como segunda lengua. Los datos comparados provienen de dos estudios independientes (Bataller (2010); Shively (2011)). Ambos estudios analizan el desarrollo de la habilidad pragmática de estudiantes de español como segunda lengua que estudiaron en España durante un semestre. Aunque los dos estudios analizan el mismo aspecto pragmático, se diferencian en el método de recolección de datos utilizado. Bataler (2010) utilizó un ‘role-play’ y el Shively (2011) utilizó datos naturales, recogidos principalmente a través de grabaciones de interacciones. Los resultados de este estudio comparativo indican que los datos recogidos a través del role-play son similares a los datos naturales en muchos aspectos, pero también difieren en otros, lo cual parece indicar que el método de recolección de datos es un factor importante que puede influir en los resultados encontrados en estudios de pragmática.



Carolin Fuchs (New York, USA):


Abstract  (English)
This paper provides an in-depth analysis of one group of ESL student teachers in the U.S. and EFL student teachers in Germany who successfully negotiated their task of creating joint task-based language teaching (TBLT) units via computer-mediated communication (CMC). Groups were asked to redesign a textbook unit based on TBLT principles and to expand the unit to include a cultural component. Data triangulation involved CMC transcripts, wikis, pre-course questionnaires, and post-course questionnaires. Based on Breen & Littlejohn’s framework (2000), the CMC-based negotiation among groups of student teachers in light of the groups’ task outcome was analyzed. The data suggest that one group proved particularly successful in their task negotiation. By the same token, the wiki tool turned out difficult to use for students and the cultural component of the task remained underexplored.  

Abstract  (Deutsch)
In dieser Fallstudie wird eine Gruppe von angehenden ESL Lehrern in den USA und EFL Lehramtsstudierenden in Deutschland untersucht, die gemeinsam erfolgreich eine Textbucheinheit entwickelten, welche auf den Prinzipien des aufgabenorientierten Lernens (Task-Based Language Teaching oder TBLT) beruhte. Die Aushandlung der Textbucheinheit erfolgte durch computervermittelte Kommunikation. Die Gruppen hatten, den TBLT-Prinzipien folgend, jeweils eine Textbucheinheit zu überarbeiten und eine interkulturelle Komponente einzubauen. Die Datenerhebungsinstrumente beinhalteten Transkripte, Wikis und Fragebögen. Basierend auf Breen & Littlejohns Aushandlungsprinzipien (2000), wurde die computervermitelte kommunikative Aushandlung innerhalb der Gruppe untersucht und in Hinblick auf das Endprodukt analysiert. Die Ergebnisse lassen darauf schliessen, dass eine Gruppe besonders erfolgreich abschloss, wobei der Umgang mit dem Wiki sich als schwierig herausstellte. Die interkulturelle Komponente der Aufgabe wurde dabei nur am Rande behandelt.   




Abdullah Coskun (Bolu, Turkey):


Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to reveal whether teachers’ classroom practices overlap with their attitudes towards certain features of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) such as pair and group-work activities, fluency and accuracy, error correction and the role of the teacher. Before conducting an open-ended questionnaire with two teachers of English teaching a group of intermediate students to reveal their attitudes towards CLT, the researcher had observed each participating teacher’s lesson for an hour during which they cover a speaking warm-up, a listening extract and grammar presentation with its practiceThe findings have indicated that there is a discrepancy between teachers’ classroom practices and the attitudes they expressed. The major challenges in the implementation of CLT from both teachers’ perspective are found to be large class size, traditional grammar-based examinations and the little time available to prepare communicative materials.




Andrzej Cirocki (Gdansk, Poland):


Abstract

The communicative approach (CA), revolving around the theory of language as communication, focuses on developing communicative competence (CC), which, in turn, is a complex phenomenon consisting of grammatical, sociolinguistic, strategic, and discourse competences. From this, it follows that foreign language (FL) instruction not only faces challenging tasks, but also requires diverse techniques to enable language learners to achieve various learning outcomes specified in the syllabus. In consequence, this article concentrates on two aspects: What is meant by the ability to communicate? and How should teachers develop their students’ ability to communicate in a foreign language?. The awareness of both facets is bound to help EFL teachers to understand how to approach communicative language teaching (CLT) in their classrooms, simultaneously encouraging them to explore and reflect on their own ideology and practices in language instruction. Despite the fact that the article refers to the Polish EFL context, its practical and comprehensive implications are universal in their nature, and thus easily applicable to other language education frameworks.




Matthias Schoormann (Münster, Germany) / Torsten Schlak (Berlin, Germany):

Die Unterrichtskonzeption der counterbalanced instruction (129-168)

Abstract (English) 

The cognitive-interactionist approach to second language acquisition research assumes that in the communicative, meaning-oriented classroom, certain formal structures are not acquired unless they receive special attention. To what extent and in which way the focus on form has to be put into practice still remains controversial. One contribution to this controversy, which has, to this day, gone relatively unnoticed in the German-speaking countries, is Roy Lyster’s counterbalanced instruction. This approach proposes the use of different instructional techniques and corrective feedback strategies that act as a counterbalance to the predominant communicative orientation of the classroom. To direct the learner’s attention from meaning to form and backwards promotes the noticing of the relevant linguistic elements, which is supposed to be the precondition for their integration into the learner’s language system. In this article, Lyster’s instructional approach is presented and critically evaluated with respect to its relevance for the second language classroom. The authors conclude that even ‘traditional’, form-oriented instruction could benefit from the implementation of the counterbalanced approach.

Abstract (Deutsch)

Die kognitiv-interaktionistisch ausgerichtete Fremdsprachenforschung geht heute davon aus, dass im kommunikativen, bedeutungsorientierten Unterricht bestimmte formale Strukturen unvollständig erworben werden, sofern diesen keine besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt wird. In welchem Umfang und auf welche Weise die Formenfokussierung erfolgen sollte, ist allerdings umstritten. Einen im deutschsprachigen Raum bisher kaum beachteten Beitrag zu dieser Kontroverse liefert Roy Lyster mit seiner Unterrichtskonzeption der counterbalanced instruction. Diese sieht vor, sich verschiedenster Vermittlungstechniken zu bedienen, um zur jeweils vorherrschenden kommunikativen Ausrichtung des Unterrichts ein Gegengewicht zu bilden. Das beständige Umlenken der Aufmerksamkeit der Lernenden von Inhalten auf Formen und wieder zurück ermöglicht das Gewahrwerden problematischer zielsprachlicher Elemente, das als Voraussetzung für deren Erwerb gilt. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird Lysters Unterrichtskonzeption einschließlich ihrer theoretischen Grundlagen vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf ihre Praxisrelevanz kritisch diskutiert. Die Autoren kommen dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass auch eher „traditionell“ ausgerichteter, formenbezogener Unterricht von der Anwendung des Prinzips der Gegengewichtung profitieren könnte.




Thomas Tinnefeld (Saarbrücken, Germany):


Abstract (English)
In the present article, strategies for learning a typologically different language on a functional basis are described. These strategies are exemplified by Chinese as an internationally upcoming language, with German representing the L1. Three different methods, whose active combination is postulated, are outlined: the keyword method, the lexeme-analysis method, and the collocation method. Although applying the keyword method to closely related languages may be debatable, it represents a valuable tool for the learning of typologically distant languages. The advantages of the lexeme-analysis method and the collocation method reside in their trans-lexical orientation as they enable the learner to functionally memorise lexemes and to internalise them mnemonically. Based on the author’s personal experience, the three methods described here are strongly recommended for use in the 

Abstract (Deutsch)
In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden Möglichkeiten der funktionalen Erlernung typologisch ferner Fremdsprachen – hier am Beispiel des Chinesischen als einer im internationalen Kontext aufstrebenden Sprache - für deutsche Muttersprachler aufgezeigt. Zu diesem Zweck werden drei verschiedene Methoden dargestellt, deren Kombination in der Anwendung postuliert wird: Die Schlüsselwortmethode, die Lexemanalysemethode und die Kollokationsmethode. Während die Anwendung der Kollokationsmethode auf typologisch eng verwandte Sprachen durchaus problematisch sein kann, ist sie für typologisch weit voneinander entfernte Fremdsprachen durchaus in Betracht zu ziehen. Die Vorteile der Lexemanalysemethode und der Kollokationsmethode liegen in ihrer trans-lexikalischen Orientierung, da sie es ermöglichen, Lexeme funktional zu erlernen und auf diese Weise mnemotechnisch zu verankern. Die Verwendung aller drei behandelten Methoden sollte zum Wohl der Lerner sowohl im Chinesisch-Unterricht wie auch in der Konzeption von Lehrwerken zum Chinesischen Berücksichtigung finden.



Zahir Mumin (Albany (New York), USA):


Abstract        
Native English-speaking students continue to face major language acquisition problems when learning how to use the Spanish prepositions por and para for various different reasons which include L1 English interference of the preposition for as a literal or dynamic equivalent of L2 Spanish por and para and memorizing and translating English prepositions and prepositional phrases such as in order toby, and to in the case of para, and because ofthrough, and in in the case of por. Teachers make students’ language acquisition process even more difficult by providing them with and having them memorize long lists of semantic categories and isolated sentence examples of por and para. Lam (2009) argues that instructors should teach por and parasimultaneously, using explanatory approaches, whereas Pinto & Rex (2006) favor teaching these prepositions independently with non-explanatory approaches. Although these opposing arguments foster substantial insight, the fields of linguistics and language teaching have not developed a simplified approach which allows students to acquire the aforementioned Spanish prepositions more easily. This paper provides an original contribution to linguistics and language teaching by creating and proposing a new semantic conceptual model and by linguistically applying this model to a wide variety of cases of por and para to demonstrate why and how it facilitates and enhances students’ acquisition of these prepositions.


Resumen        
Los alumnos angloparlantes siguen enfrentándose a problemas graves de adquisición lingüística cuando aprenden a usar las preposiciones por para en español por varias razones diferentes que incluyen la interferencia lingüística de la preposición for del inglés (L1) como una equivalencia literal o dinámica de por y para en español (L2) y el aprendizaje de memoria y la traducción de preposiciones y frases preposicionales inglesas como in order toby, y to en casos de para ybecause ofthrough e in en casos de por. Los profesores hacen que el proceso de adquisición lingüística de los alumnos sea aún más difícil, proporcionándoles listas largas de categorías semánticas y ejemplos de por y para usados en oraciones aisladas y obligándoles a que aprendan de memoria dichas listas y ejemplos. Lam (2009) discute que los profesores deben enseñar por y para simultáneamente, empleando acercamientos explicativos en tanto que Pinto y Rex (2006) favorecen la enseñanza de estas preposiciones independientemente con acercamientos no explicativos. Aunque estos argumentos opuestos proveen perspicacia importante, los campos de lingüística y enseñanza de lenguas no han desarrollado un acercamiento simplificado que permita que los alumnos adquieran más fácilmente antedichas preposiciones en español. Este trabajo escrito les proporciona a la lingüística y a la enseñanza de lenguas una contribución original, creando y proponiendo un modelo semántico nuevo de conceptualización y aplicando lingüísticamente este modelo a una gran variedad de casos de porpara para demostrar por qué y cómo facilita y realiza la adquisición estudiantil de estas preposiciones.




II. Reviews



Heinz-Helmut Lüger (Koblenz-Landau, Germany):

Frank Kostrzewa (Karlsruhe, Germany):